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How can you know or see if there are gemstones in a mountain?
How can you see that a mountain has gemstones hidden in it, or how can you find a place where they have lots of gemstones, gold for example?
Well for starters, Gold isn't a gemstone.
Knowing the mineralogy of any particular environment requires looking at landforms, rock types, structures... well a whole multitude of things.
Lets say for example you want to find obsidian. Obsidian is a volcanic glass, so if you think about it logically, you're not going to have much luck looking for it in the Utah salt flats for instance.
Geologists use a number of tools to help them locate valuable resources. Knowing the landform and environment is the first step to finding things, and then when you want to look for things deeper in the earth you use geophysics, then you drill a hole to find out exactly what's there.
At any rate, what I'm getting at is that you have to have an understanding of the land-forming processes to understand what rocks are in a particular environment, and therefore what minerals (which is what makes up gemstones).
If you want to learn more about it, I suggest you get a beginners geology book if you're really interested, or start off by looking at the earth sciences section of wikipedia.
The first thing you need to know is that there are 3 rock types, Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic, it all stems from there 
Regards,
Angie B.